2018年全国同等学力申硕英语真题Passage Three

　　Passage Three

　　Almost eight years ago, the American educator Abraham Flexner published an article entitled The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge. In it , he argued that the most powerful intellectual and technological breakthroughs usually emerged from research that initially appeared “useless”, without much relevance to real life. As a result, it was vital, Flexner said, that these “useless” efforts should be supported, even if they did not produce an immediate payback, because otherwise the next wave of innovation simply would not occur. “ Curiosity, which may or may not produce something useful, is probably the outstanding characteristic of modern thinking,” he declared.

　　In 1929, Flexner persuaded a wealthy American family, the Bambergers, to use some of their donations to fund the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton to support exactly this kind of “undirected” research.

　　And it paid off: brilliant Jewish scientists fleeing from Nazi Germany, such as Albert Einstein, gathered at the IAS to explore undirected ideas. And while some of these, such as Einstein’s own work developing his early theory of relativity, did not initially seem valuable, many eventually produced powerful applications (though after many decades).

　　Without Einstein’s theory, our GPS tracking devices would be inaccurate by about seven miles,” writes Robbert Dijkgraaf , the current director of the IAS, in the foreword to a newly released reprint of Flexner’s article. Concepts such as quantum mechanics(量子力学)or superconductivity also seemed fairly useless at first— but yielded huge dividends at a later date.

　　The reason why the IAS is re-releasing Flexner’s article now is that scientists such as Dijkgraaf fear this core principle is increasing under threat. The Trump administration has released a projected budget that threatens to reduce funding for the arts, science and educational groups. Many Republicans believe that research is better financed by business or philanthropists(慈善家)than by government. But one striking fact about the past century is how much American innovation originated

　　in federal projects; Silicon Valley would never have boomed were it not for the fact that state funding enabled the development of the World Wide Web, for example.

　　11. What may be the best title for the passage?

　　A. The value of Creative Ideas

　　B. The Importance of Basic Research

　　C. Innovation in Silicon Valley

　　D. In Praise of “Useless” Endeavors

　　12. According to Abraham Flexner, what is an important feature of modern thinking?

　　A. Curiosity B. Application C. Devotion D. Passion

　　13. The “undirected” research (Para.3) refers to research .

　　A. not funded by government agencies C. with indefinite experimental methods

　　B. without any practical purpose in mind D. supported by non-profit organizations

　　14. Examples of initially “useless” research include all of the following EXPECT

　　.

　　A. quantum mechanics

　　B. theory of relativity

　　C. superconductivity

　　D. GPS tracking devices

　　15. Flexner’s article was reprinted because .

　　A. businesses in Silicon Valley wish to put pressure on the government

　　B. Democrats believe that government funding should go to small business

　　C. Republicans argue that scientific research should be financed by business

　　D. some scientists worry that government will cut its funding

　　Passage Three

　　【文章介绍】本文主要介绍了几种食肉性植物如捕蝇草、猪笼草、螺旋狸藻等及其捕食方式。

　　12. 【答案】B

　　【考点】语义题

　　【解析】本题问的第二段中的 “carnivorous” 意思最接近的是哪项。

　　文章第二段主要对比了食肉性植物与其它植物，在 carnivorous 词后，就解说了其缘由：他们能够迷惑、诱捕并吃掉虫子。因此选 B 项“食虫的”。

　　【误项排除】A 项“有营养的”，C 项“食草的”，D 项“有吸引力的”，这三项不符合题意。

　　13. 【答案】C

　　【考点】细节题

　　【解析】本题问的是作者最可能认同的是哪项。

　　根据第二段第一句所述：全球约有 391,000 种植物，只有 600 来种植物是食肉性的。因此选 C 项“只有少量的植物是食肉性的”。

　　【误项排除】A 项“有太多的食肉性植物物种”，B 项“世界上的植物种类太少了”，

　　D 项“大多数植物都是食肉性的”，这三项不符合题意。

　　14. 【答案】D

　　【考点】细节题

　　【解析】本题问的是食肉性植物的营养主要来源于哪里?

　　文章第三段第三句直接陈述了食肉性植物从它们的猎物中获得营养。因此选 D 项“它们的猎物”。

　　【误项排除】A 项“其它植物”，B 项“土壤”，C 项“太阳”，这三项不符合题意。

　　15. 【答案】B

　　【考点】段落归纳

　　【解析】本题问的是第三段大意的最佳表达是哪项。

　　第三段描述了猪笼草是如何捕猎的，它通过提供花粉诱使猎物进入到身体里，且光滑的体表让猎物无法逃脱。因此选 B 项“猪笼草引诱虫子进入它的胃部”。

　　【误项排除】A 项“食肉性植物的研究有许多”，C 项“猪笼草用多种方式灭掉它的猎物”，D 项“一些植物通过提供花粉来诱惑虫子”，这三项不符合题意。

　　16. 【答案】B

　　【考点】推断题

　　【解析】本题问的是推断螺旋狸藻的消化器官位于哪里。

　　最后一段描述了螺旋狸藻是如何捕食的，通读该段，可知该植物是通过毛发捕食并消化的，由此此题选 B 项“在其顶部的某处”。

　　【误项排除】A 项“在其根部的某处”，C 项“在它的花朵里”，D 项“在它的叶子里”，这三项不符合题意。

　　参考译文

　　想像你是一只苍蝇，你正在寻找一处落脚的地方。当你看到一片粉色的叶子，看似一块可以落脚的好地方。当你双脚落在这片叶子上时，你注意到了有些不对劲。这片叶子有毛。当你想要移动时，却发现自己引起了这个植物的反应。 喀嚓!不到十分之一秒的时间，你被捕蝇草逮住了，并将在 5 到 12 天内被消化掉。

　　全球约有 391,000 种植物，只有 600 种左右的植物是食肉性的。我们称之为食肉性植物，是因为他们能够迷惑、诱捕并吃掉虫子。和其它植物一样，它们通过太阳获得能量。但又和其它植物不一样的是，它们通过猎物获得营养。食肉性植物居住的地方，土壤缺乏营养。许多植物从土壤中获得营养，但食肉性植物却不得不转向其它来源。

　　猪笼草诱惑猎物着落到它们身上，利用花粉做诱饵，迷惑那些愚蠢的昆虫。正如其名，猪笼草呈深桶型。瓶口表面很光滑，而且它们内部有着粗毛，这让落入的虫子无法逃脱。这只苍蝇被诱落在猪笼草上，并滑入了全是消化液的囊中。

　　螺旋狸藻有开口的茎，茎中有弯曲的毛发。这些毛发让虫子只能向上爬向树干，但却无法返回。向上通向植物的胃。落入螺旋狸藻里的虫子发现自己无法逃脱，它们只能走向死亡。

　　还有狸藻类植物。它们生长在水中，漂浮在水面。狸藻的捕食器类似囊状物，隐藏在水下，而在水面只能看到它的花。当虫子游近刺毛时，捕虫囊就开始活动了。它随着水流吸食着猎物，猎物将在数小时内会被消化掉。

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